\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\definecolor{sky}{HTML}{AAEEEE}

\usepackage[pdftex,active,tightpage]{preview}
\setlength\PreviewBorder{2mm}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

\begin{document}
\begin{preview}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
    \draw[fill=sky] (0, 0) circle (1.5cm);
    \draw[fill=brown] (0, 0) circle (1cm);

    %tangente
    \begin{scope}[shift={(-1.35cm,0)}, rotate=48]
        \draw (0,0) -- node {} (2.5cm, 0);
    \end{scope}

    \draw (0,0) -- node {} (0, 1.5cm);
    \draw (0,0) -- node[anchor=east] {$r$} (138:1cm);

    % angle
    \draw[fill=gray!30] (0,0) -- (138:0.75cm) arc (138:90:0.75cm);
    \draw (110:0.5cm) node {$\varphi$};

    % winkelbogen
    \draw[lime] (138:1cm) arc (138:90:1cm);
    \node[lime] at (-0.2,0.85) {$x$} ;

    % height
    \draw[blue] (0,1cm) -- node[anchor=west] {$h$} (0, 1.5cm);

    \node at (0,-0.2) {Erde} ;

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{preview}
\end{document}