presentations/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung: added; removed trailing spaces for GeoTopo

presentations/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+## Core latex/pdflatex auxiliary files:
+*.aux
+*.lof
+*.log
+*.lot
+*.fls
+*.out
+*.toc
+
+## Intermediate documents:
+*.dvi
+*-converted-to.*
+# these rules might exclude image files for figures etc.
+# *.ps
+# *.eps
+# *.pdf
+
+## Bibliography auxiliary files (bibtex/biblatex/biber):
+*.bbl
+*.bcf
+*.blg
+*-blx.aux
+*-blx.bib
+*.brf
+*.run.xml
+
+## Build tool auxiliary files:
+*.fdb_latexmk
+*.synctex
+*.synctex.gz
+*.synctex.gz(busy)
+*.pdfsync
+
+## Auxiliary and intermediate files from other packages:
+
+# algorithms
+*.alg
+*.loa
+
+# achemso
+acs-*.bib
+
+# amsthm
+*.thm
+
+# beamer
+*.nav
+*.snm
+*.vrb
+
+#(e)ledmac/(e)ledpar
+*.end
+*.[1-9]
+*.[1-9][0-9]
+*.[1-9][0-9][0-9]
+*.[1-9]R
+*.[1-9][0-9]R
+*.[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
+*.eledsec[1-9]
+*.eledsec[1-9]R
+*.eledsec[1-9][0-9]
+*.eledsec[1-9][0-9]R
+*.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]
+*.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
+
+# glossaries
+*.acn
+*.acr
+*.glg
+*.glo
+*.gls
+
+# gnuplottex
+*-gnuplottex-*
+
+# hyperref
+*.brf
+
+# knitr
+*-concordance.tex
+*.tikz
+*-tikzDictionary
+
+# listings
+*.lol
+
+# makeidx
+*.idx
+*.ilg
+*.ind
+*.ist
+
+# minitoc
+*.maf
+*.mtc
+*.mtc0
+
+# minted
+_minted*
+*.pyg
+
+# morewrites
+*.mw
+
+# nomencl
+*.nlo
+
+# sagetex
+*.sagetex.sage
+*.sagetex.py
+*.sagetex.scmd
+
+# sympy
+*.sout
+*.sympy
+sympy-plots-for-*.tex/
+
+# todonotes
+*.tdo
+
+# xindy
+*.xdy
+
+# WinEdt
+*.bak
+*.sav

presentations/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+SOURCE = Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung
+
+make:
+	#latexmk -pdf -pdflatex="pdflatex -interactive=nonstopmode" -use-make $(SOURCE).tex
+	pdflatex -shell-escape $(SOURCE).tex -output-format=pdf #shellescape wird fürs logo benötigt
+	pdflatex -shell-escape $(SOURCE).tex -output-format=pdf # nochmaliges ausführen wegen Inhaltsverzeichnissen
+	make clean
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf  $(TARGET) *.class *.html *.log *.aux *.out *.glo *.glg *.gls *.ist *.xdy *.1 *.toc *.snm *.nav *.vrb *.fls *.fdb_latexmk *.pyg

presentations/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Interventions
+Dieses Repository ist für einen 30-minütigen Vortrag bei einer Sommerakademie.
+Das Thema lautet "Intervention distribution".
+
+Die kompilierte PDF kann [hier](https://github.com/MartinThoma/causality-presentation/raw/master/interventions.pdf) herutergeladen werden.
+
+
+## Given
+
+* script 2.2. and ex. 3.1.1
+  https://stat.ethz.ch/people/jopeters/index/edit/causalityHomepage/causality_files/scriptChapter1-4.pdf
+* examples: intervention distribution, simpson's paradox
+* Block: Causality
+* Thema: interventions
+* Nr: 11
+* Zeit: 30min
+
+## Plan
+
+* Einleitung: ca. 5 min
+* Interventionsverteilung, def: ca. 2 min
+
+## Fragen
+
+1. Definition 2.2.1: "The set of noise variables in S now contains both ..."
+    - Soll hier wirklich "S" und nicht "\tilde{S}" stehen?
+2. Was heißt "full support"?
+3. A.2: Was ist Q?

presentations/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+\documentclass{beamer}
+\usetheme{Frankfurt}
+\usecolortheme{beaver}
+\definecolor{links}{HTML}{2A1B81}
+\hypersetup{colorlinks,linkcolor=,urlcolor=links}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % this is needed for german umlauts
+\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} % this is needed for german umlauts
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}    % this is needed for correct output of umlauts in pdf
+\usepackage{braket}         % needed for \Set
+\usepackage{csquotes}
+% \usepackage{enumitem}
+% \setitemize{label=\usebeamerfont*{itemize item}%
+%   \usebeamercolor[fg]{itemize item}
+%   \usebeamertemplate{itemize item}}
+\usepackage{array}
+\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb}
+\usepackage{mathtools}
+\usepackage{movie15}
+\usepackage{bm}
+\usepackage{dsfont}
+\usepackage{nicefrac}
+\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif}
+\usepackage{siunitx}        % this package is for units!
+\sisetup{range-phrase=--, range-units=single}
+
+\usepackage{booktabs}  % for \toprule, \midrule and \bottomrule
+\selectlanguage{ngerman}
+
+\usepackage{pgfplots}
+\usepackage{tikz}
+
+\usetikzlibrary{arrows,positioning, calc}
+
+\newcommand {\framedgraphic}[2] {
+    \begin{frame}{#1}
+        \begin{center}
+            \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.8\textheight,keepaspectratio]{#2}
+        \end{center}
+    \end{frame}
+}
+
+\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+\addtobeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}{%
+    \usebeamerfont{footline}%
+    \usebeamercolor[fg]{footline}%
+    \hspace{1em}%
+    \insertframenumber/\inserttotalframenumber
+}
+\makeatletter
+\setbeamertemplate{footline}
+{%
+  \pgfuseshading{beamer@barshade}%
+  \ifbeamer@sb@subsection%
+    \vskip-9.75ex%
+  \else%
+    \vskip-7ex%
+  \fi%
+  \begin{beamercolorbox}[ignorebg,ht=2.25ex,dp=3.75ex]{section in head/foot}
+    \insertnavigation{\paperwidth}
+  \end{beamercolorbox}%
+  \ifbeamer@sb@subsection%
+    \begin{beamercolorbox}[ignorebg,ht=2.125ex,dp=1.125ex,%
+      leftskip=.3cm,rightskip=.3cm plus1fil]{subsection in head/foot}
+      \usebeamerfont{subsection in head/foot}\insertsubsectionhead
+    \end{beamercolorbox}%
+  \fi%
+}%
+\setbeamertemplate{headline}{%
+% \hskip1em\usebeamercolor[fg]{navigation symbols dimmed}%
+% \insertslidenavigationsymbol%
+% \insertframenavigationsymbol%
+% \insertsectionnavigationsymbol%
+% \insertsubsectionnavigationsymbol%
+% \insertdocnavigationsymbol%
+% \insertbackfindforwardnavigationsymbol%
+}
+\makeatother
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{On-line Recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Symbols}
+\subtitle{Oder: Eine Einführung in Neuronale Netze}
+\author{Martin Thoma}
+\date{6. August 2015}
+\subject{On-line Recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Symbols}
+
+\frame{\titlepage}
+
+\input{introduction}
+% \input{main}
+\input{end}
+\end{document}

presentations/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung/end.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+%!TEX root = Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung.tex
+\section{Ende}
+\subsection{Quellen}
+\begin{frame}{Bildquellen}
+    \begin{itemize}
+        \item \href{http://imgur.com/a/Hqolp}{Visualizing Optimization Algos}
+        \item \href{http://blog.datumbox.com/tuning-the-learning-rate-in-gradient-descent/}{Tuning the learning rate in Gradient Descent} von Vasilis Vryniotis
+    \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\framedgraphic{Thanks for Your Attention!}{images/creative-users.png}

presentations/Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung/introduction.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+%!TEX root = Sommerakademie-2015-Forschung.tex
+\section{Einleitung}
+\subsection{Was ist On-Line Recognition?}
+
+\begin{frame}{Demo}
+    \begin{figure}[h]
+        \centering
+        \includegraphics*[width=0.7\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{images/Classification.png}
+    \end{figure}
+
+    \href{http://write-math.com}{write-math.com}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Was ist On-Line Recognition?}
+\medskip
+\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth]
+\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+{\Large Off-line Recognition}
+\begin{figure}[h]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics*[width=0.7\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{images/A-pixel.png}
+\end{figure}
+\end{column}
+\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+{\Large On-line Recognition}
+\begin{figure}[h]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics*[width=0.7\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{images/A-vektor.png}
+\end{figure}
+\end{column}
+\end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Was wollen wir?}
+    \[f(\text{Merkmale}) = \begin{pmatrix}0.7\\ 0.1\\ 0.2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \mathbb{P}(\gamma)\\ \mathbb{P}(\text{ö})\\ \mathbb{P}(\heartsuit) \end{pmatrix}\]
+    \medskip
+    \visible<2->{
+        \begin{center}
+        {\Large Gesucht: Funktion $f$}\\
+        (und Merkmalsextraktion)
+    }
+    \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Merkmalsextraktion}
+    \begin{figure}[h]
+        \centering
+        \includegraphics*[width=0.7\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{images/A-vektor-merkmalsbildung.png}
+    \end{figure}
+
+    Merkmalsvektor fester Länge ist praktisch
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Funktionen}
+\subsection{Funktionen}
+
+\begin{frame}{Funktionen}
+\begin{figure}[h]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics*[width=0.7\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{images/function-machine.png}
+\end{figure}
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}{Funktionen}
+    \medskip
+    \begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth]
+    \begin{column}{.5\textwidth}{
+        \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+            \item $f(x) = x^2$ ist $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$
+            \item $f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2$ ist $f: \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$
+            \item $f(x, y) = (x^2 + y^2, x \cdot y)$ ist $f: \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^2$
+        \end{itemize}
+    }
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
+    \only<1>{
+        \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \begin{axis}[
+                legend pos=south west,
+                axis x line=middle,
+                axis y line=middle,
+                grid = major,
+                width=6.5cm,
+                height=6.5cm,
+                grid style={dashed, gray!30},
+                xmin=-2,     % start the diagram at this x-coordinate
+                xmax= 2,     % end   the diagram at this x-coordinate
+                ymin=-0.25,  % start the diagram at this y-coordinate
+                ymax= 4.25,  % end   the diagram at this y-coordinate
+                axis background/.style={fill=white},
+                xlabel=$x \in \mathbb{R}$,
+                ylabel=$f(x) \in \mathbb{R}$,
+                %xticklabels={-2,-1.6,...,7},
+                %yticklabels={-8,-7,...,8},
+                tick align=outside,
+                minor tick num=-3,
+                enlargelimits=true,
+                tension=0.08]
+              \addplot[domain=-2:2, red, thick,samples=40] {x*x};
+            \end{axis}
+        \end{tikzpicture}
+    }
+    \only<2->{
+        \pgfplotsset{
+            colormap={whitered}{
+                color(0cm)=(white);
+                color(1cm)=(orange!75!red)
+            }
+        }
+        \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \begin{axis}[
+            colormap name=whitered,
+            width=5.5cm,
+            height=5.5cm,
+            view={340}{25},
+            enlargelimits=false,
+            grid=major,
+            domain=-3:3,
+            y domain=-3:3,
+            samples=56, %57 : TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [main memory size=3000000].
+                        % see also http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/7954/5645
+            xlabel=$x$,
+            ylabel=$y$,
+            zlabel={$f(x,y)$},
+            ]
+              \addplot3[surf] {x^2 + y^2};
+            \end{axis}
+        \end{tikzpicture}
+    }
+    \end{column}
+    \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Funktionen mit Parametern}
+    \begin{columns}
+    \begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
+        {\Large Mit Parametern}
+        \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+            \item $f(x) = x^2$
+            \item $f(x) = 2 \cdot x^2$
+            \item $f(x) = \nicefrac{1}{2} \cdot x^2$
+            \item $f(x) = a \cdot x^2$
+            \item $f(x_1, \dots, x_{166}) = \sum_{i=1}^{166} a_i \cdot x_i$\\
+                  $\mathbb{R}^{166} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$
+            \item $f(x_1, \dots, x_{166}) = (\sum_{i=1}^{166} a_i \cdot x_i, \dots, \sum_{i=1}^{166} z_i \cdot x_i)$\\
+                  $\mathbb{R}^{166} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\text(\# Klassen)}$
+        \end{itemize}
+    \end{column}
+    \begin{column}{.4\textwidth}
+        \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \begin{axis}[
+                legend pos=south west,
+                axis x line=middle,
+                axis y line=middle,
+                grid = major,
+                width=6.5cm,
+                height=6.5cm,
+                grid style={dashed, gray!30},
+                xmin=-2,     % start the diagram at this x-coordinate
+                xmax= 2,     % end   the diagram at this x-coordinate
+                ymin=-0.25,  % start the diagram at this y-coordinate
+                ymax= 4.25,  % end   the diagram at this y-coordinate
+                axis background/.style={fill=white},
+                xlabel=$x \in \mathbb{R}$,
+                ylabel=$f(x) \in \mathbb{R}$,
+                %xticklabels={-2,-1.6,...,7},
+                %yticklabels={-8,-7,...,8},
+                tick align=outside,
+                minor tick num=-3,
+                enlargelimits=true,
+                tension=0.08]
+              \only<1->{\addplot[domain=-2:2, red, thick,samples=40] {x*x};}
+              \only<2->{\addplot[domain=-2:2, blue, thick,samples=40] {2*x*x};}
+              \only<3->{\addplot[domain=-2:2, green, thick,samples=40] {0.5*x*x};}
+            \end{axis}
+        \end{tikzpicture}
+    \end{column}
+    \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Fehlerfunktion}
+    \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+        \item \textbf{Daten $(x_{i,1}, \dots, x_{i,n}, y_{i,1}, \dots, y_{i,\text{\# Klassen}})$}: Beispiele für den Computer
+        \item \textbf{Aktuelles Modell $f$}: Funktion mit vielen Parametern
+        \item \textbf{Fehlerfunktion}: Wie gut ist $f$ für die vorhandenen
+              Daten?
+    \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Fehlerfunktion}
+    Abbildung von \textbf{Parameterraum} auf den Fehler ($\mathbb{R}_0^+$)
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Minimieren mit Ableitungen}
+    \begin{figure}[h]
+        \centering
+        \includegraphics*[width=0.7\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{images/derivative-function.png}
+    \end{figure}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Gradientenabstieg}
+    \begin{figure}[h]
+        \centering
+        \includegraphics*[width=0.7\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{images/gradient-descent.png}
+    \end{figure}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\section{Neuronale Netze}
+\subsection{Neuronale Netze}
+\begin{frame}{Neuronale Netze}{}
+    \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+        \item Menge von parametrisierten Funktionen
+              $\mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\text(\# Klassen)}$
+        \item $\mathbb{R}^n$: Eingabe,\\z.B. Farbe von Pixel~1, Farbe von Pixel~2, \dots
+        \item $\mathbb{R}^{\text(\# Klassen)}$: Ausgabe,\\Wahrscheinlichkeit der Klasse (z.B. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
+        \item Ableitbar
+    \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Ausblick}
+\subsection{Ausblick}
+\begin{frame}{Ausblick}
+    Erkennung von Formeln
+    \begin{itemize}[<+->]
+        \item Aufbau eines Sprachmodells der Mathematik
+        \item Erweiterung der Symboldatenbank
+        \item Segmentierung
+    \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+