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Vorgeplänkel hinzugefügt
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9 changed files with 140 additions and 4 deletions
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@ -10,6 +10,11 @@
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\usepackage{braket} % needed for \Set
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\usepackage{csquotes}
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\usepackage{parskip}
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\usepackage{tikz}
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\usetikzlibrary{3d,calc,intersections,er}
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\newcommand{\inputTikZ}[2]{%
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\scalebox{#1}{\input{#2}}
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}
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\usepackage{shortcuts}
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@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
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\chapter{Topologische Grundbegriffe}
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\section{Vorgeplänkel}
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\begin{tabular}{lllll}
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Die Kugeloberfläche $S^2$: & lässt sich zu: & oder:& verformen: \\
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\input{figures/s2.tex} & \input{figures/cube.tex} & TODO & \input{figures/pyramid.tex}
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\end{tabular}
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aber nicht zum $\mdr^2$ oder zu einem Rhombus
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\input{figures/torus.tex}
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\section{Topologische Räume}
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\begin{definition} \index{Topologischer Raum} \index{offen} \index{abgeschlossen}
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Ein \textbf{topologischer Raum} ist ein Paar $(X, \fT)$ bestehend
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@ -18,7 +28,7 @@
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Es gibt auch Mengen, die weder abgeschlossen, noch offen sind.
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\begin{beispieleX}
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\begin{beispiel}
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\begin{enumerate}[1)]
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\item $X = \mdr^n$ mit der euklidischen Metrik.\\
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$U \subseteq \mdr^n$ offen $\gdw$ für jedes $x \in U$
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@ -32,7 +42,7 @@ Es gibt auch Mengen, die weder abgeschlossen, noch offen sind.
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\item $X = \Set{0,1}, \fT = \Set{\emptyset, \Set{0,1}, \Set{0}}$\\
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abgeschlossene Mengen: $\emptyset, \Set{0,1}, \Set{1}$
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{beispieleX}
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\end{beispiel}
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\begin{definition} \index{Umgebung}
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Sei $(X, \fT)$ ein topologischer Raum, $x \in X$.
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\item $M$ heißt \textbf{dicht} in $X$, wenn $\overline{M} = X$ ist. \index{dicht}
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{definition}
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\begin{beispiel}
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\begin{enumerate}[1)]
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\item $X = \mdr$ mit endlicher Topologie\\
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$M = \mdq \Rightarrow \overline{M} = \mdr, \;\;\; M^\circ = \emptyset$
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\item $X = \mdr$, $M=(a,b) \Rightarrow \overline{M} = [a,b]$
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\item $X = \mdr, \fT = \fT_Z$\\
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$M = (a,b) \Rightarrow \overline{M} = \mdr$
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{beispiel}
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\begin{definition} \index{Basis} \index{Subbasis}
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Sei $(X, \fT)$ ein topologischer Raum.
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\begin{enumerate}[a)]
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\item $B \subseteq \fT$ heißt \textbf{Basis} der Topologie $\fT$,
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wenn jedes $U \in \fT$ Vereinigung von Elementen aus $B$
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ist.
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\item $B \subseteq \fT$ heißt \textbf{Subbasis}, wenn jedes
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$U \in \fT$ Vereinigung von endlich vielen Durchschnitten
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von Elementen aus $B$ ist.
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{definition}
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\begin{beispiel}
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$X = \mdr^n$ heißt euklidische Topologie und
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\[B = \Set{B_r(x) | r \in \mdq_{> 0}, x \in \mdq^n}\]
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ist eine Basis.
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\end{beispiel}
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\begin{bemerkung}
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Sei $X$ eine Menge und $B \subseteq \powerset{X}$. Dann gibt es
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genau eine Topologie $\fT$ auf $X$, für die $B$ Subbasis ist.
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\end{bemerkung}
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\begin{definition} \index{Spurtopologie} \index{Teilraum}
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Sei $(X, \fT)$ ein topologischer Raum, $Y \subseteq X$.\\
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$\fT_Y := \Set{U \cap Y | U \in \fT}$ ist eine Topologie auf $Y$.
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$\fT$ heiß \textbf{Spurtopologie} und $(Y, \fT_Y)$ heißt ein
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\textbf{Teilraum} von $(X, \fT)$
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\end{definition}
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3
documents/GeoTopo/Readme.md
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3
documents/GeoTopo/Readme.md
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Verbesserungsvorschläge bitte entweder direkt selbst umsetzen
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und einen pull request machen oder mir per Email (info@martin-thoma.de)
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schicken.
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51
documents/GeoTopo/figures/cube.tex
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51
documents/GeoTopo/figures/cube.tex
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% Source: http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12069/5645
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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.5]
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\clip (-3,-3) rectangle (3,3);
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\coordinate (tf) at (0,0);
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\coordinate (bf) at (0,-3);
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\coordinate (tr) at (15:2.5cm);
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\coordinate (tl) at (165:2.5cm);
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% You can change the perspective by playing with the 5, 5, 15:
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\coordinate (fr) at ($ (tf)!5!(tr) $);
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\coordinate (fl) at ($ (tf)!5!(tl) $);
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\coordinate (fb) at ($ (tf)!15!(bf) $);
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\path[name path=brpath] (bf) -- (fr);
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\path[name path=rbpath] (tr) -- (fb);
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\path[name path=blpath] (bf) -- (fl);
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\path[name path=lbpath] (tl) -- (fb);
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\path[name path=trpath] (tl) -- (fr);
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\path[name path=tlpath] (tr) -- (fl);
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\draw[name intersections={of=brpath and rbpath}] (intersection-1)coordinate (br){};
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\draw[name intersections={of=blpath and lbpath}] (intersection-1)coordinate (bl){};
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\draw[name intersections={of=trpath and tlpath}] (intersection-1)coordinate (tb){};
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\shade[right color=gray!10, left color=black!50, shading angle=105] (tf) -- (bf) -- (bl) -- (tl) -- cycle;
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\shade[left color=gray!10, right color=black!50, shading angle=75] (tf) -- (bf) -- (br) -- (tr) -- cycle;
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\begin{scope}
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\clip (tf) -- (tr) -- (tb) -- (tl) -- cycle;
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\shade[inner color = gray!5, outer color=black!50, shading=radial] (tf) ellipse (3cm and 1.5cm);
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\end{scope}
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\draw (tf) -- (bf);
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\draw (tf) -- (tr);
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\draw (tf) -- (tl);
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\draw (tr) -- (br);
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\draw (bf) -- (br);
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\draw (tl) -- (bl);
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\draw (bf) -- (bl);
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\draw (tb) -- (tr);
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\draw (tb) -- (tl);
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%set the sizes of the little cubes:
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\def\tone{.4}\def\ttwo{.75}\def\fone{.36}\def\ftwo{.70}
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\draw ($ (bf)!\tone!(br) $) -- ($ (tf)!\tone!(tr) $) -- ($ (tl)!\tone!(tb) $);
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\draw ($ (bf)!\ttwo!(br) $) -- ($ (tf)!\ttwo!(tr) $) -- ($ (tl)!\ttwo!(tb) $);
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\draw ($ (bf)!\tone!(bl) $) -- ($ (tf)!\tone!(tl) $) -- ($ (tr)!\tone!(tb) $);
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\draw ($ (bf)!\ttwo!(bl) $) -- ($ (tf)!\ttwo!(tl) $) -- ($ (tr)!\ttwo!(tb) $);
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\draw ($ (tl)!\fone!(bl) $) -- ($ (tf)!\fone!(bf) $) -- ($ (tr)!\fone!(br) $);
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\draw ($ (tl)!\ftwo!(bl) $) -- ($ (tf)!\ftwo!(bf) $) -- ($ (tr)!\ftwo!(br) $);
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\end{tikzpicture}
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7
documents/GeoTopo/figures/pyramid.tex
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7
documents/GeoTopo/figures/pyramid.tex
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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.5, z={(.707,.3)}]
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\draw (2,3,2) -- (0,0,0) -- (4,0,0) -- (4,0,4) -- (2,3,2)
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-- (4,0,0);
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\draw[color=gray, style=dashed] (2,3,2) -- (0,0,4)
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-- (0,0,0);
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\draw[color=gray, style=dashed] (0,0,4) -- (4,0,4);
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\end{tikzpicture}
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9
documents/GeoTopo/figures/s2.tex
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9
documents/GeoTopo/figures/s2.tex
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% Source: http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/42865/5645
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\draw (-1,0) arc (180:360:1cm and 0.5cm);
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\draw[dashed] (-1,0) arc (180:0:1cm and 0.5cm);
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\draw (0,1) arc (90:270:0.5cm and 1cm);
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\draw[dashed] (0,1) arc (90:-90:0.5cm and 1cm);
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\draw (0,0) circle (1cm);
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\shade[ball color=blue!10!white,opacity=0.20] (0,0) circle (1cm);
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\end{tikzpicture}
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documents/GeoTopo/figures/torus.tex
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11
documents/GeoTopo/figures/torus.tex
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\draw (-3.5,0) .. controls (-3.5,2) and (-1.5,2.5) .. (0,2.5);
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\draw[xscale=-1] (-3.5,0) .. controls (-3.5,2) and (-1.5,2.5) .. (0,2.5);
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\draw[rotate=180] (-3.5,0) .. controls (-3.5,2) and (-1.5,2.5) .. (0,2.5);
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\draw[yscale=-1] (-3.5,0) .. controls (-3.5,2) and (-1.5,2.5) .. (0,2.5);
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\draw (-2,.2) .. controls (-1.5,-0.3) and (-1,-0.5) .. (0,-.5) .. controls (1,-0.5) and (1.5,-0.3) .. (2,0.2);
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\draw (-1.75,0) .. controls (-1.5,0.3) and (-1,0.5) .. (0,.5) .. controls (1,0.5) and (1.5,0.3) .. (1.75,0);
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\newenvironment{definition}{\begin{plaindefinition}}{\end{plaindefinition}}
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\newenvironment{definition*}{\begin{plaindefinition*}}{\end{plaindefinition*}}
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\newtheorem{beispiel}{Beispiel}
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\newtheorem{beispieleX}{Beispiele}
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\newenvironment{beispiele}{\begin{beispieleX}\begin{liste}}{\end{liste}\end{beispieleX}}
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\newtheorem{bemerkung}{Bemerkung}
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\def\fT{\mathfrak{T}}
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\newcommand{\powerset}[1]{\mathcal{P}(#1)}
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\def\mdr{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}
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\def\mdq{\ensuremath{\mathbb{Q}}}
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\def\gdw{\ensuremath{\Leftrightarrow}}
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